Gastro Flashcards

Failure to relax of the smooth muscle fibers of the gastrointestinal tract at any point of junction of one part with another, such as the failure to relax of the smooth muscle fibers of the lower esophagus, called achalasia of the esophagus, characterized by dilatation and hypertrophy of the esophagus above an atrophic lower segment (mega-esophagus).

Inflammation, especially mucosal, of the stomach.

Acute inflammation of the appendix, usually due to bacterial infection, which may be precipitated by obstruction of the lumen by a fecalith; symptoms of periumbilical colicky pain and vomiting are followed by fever, leukocytosis, persistent pain, and signs of peritoneal inflammation in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen; perforation or abscess formation is a frequent complication.

Most often caused by embolic or thrombotic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery.

A malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells in glandular or glandlike pattern.

Autosomal dominant trait characterized by progressive development of innumerable adenomatous polyps of the colon.

A polyp that consists of benign neoplastic tissue derived from glandular epithelium.

Degenerative dilation of the normal vasculature.

Chronic diffuse inflammatory disease of the stomach associated with autoimmune phenomenon. Pernicious anemia is a common complication.

Typically caused by toxogenic strains of E. coli and Vibrio cholera.

Chronic peptic ulcer of the lower esophagus, which is lined by columnar epithelium, resembling the mucosa of the gastric cardia, acquired as a result of long-standing chronic esophagitis; esophageal stricture with reflux, and adenocarcinoma, have also been reported.

A combination of symptoms and lesions usually produced by the release of serotonin from carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract which have metastasized to the liver; consists of irregular mottled blushing, angiomas of the skin, acquired tricuspid and pulmonary stenosis with some minor involvement of valves on the left side of the heart, diarrhea, bronchial spasm, mental aberration, and excretion of large quantities of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.

A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface; neoplastic cells are frequently palisaded at the periphery of the small groups, and the latter have a tendency to infiltrate surrounding tissue.

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach accounts for more than 95% of all malignant gastric tumors. It originates from mucus cells or areas of intestinal metaplasia.

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy characterized by generalized malabsorption and small intestinal mucosal lesions.

Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma (or Schizotrypanum) cruzi and transmitted by certain species of reduviid (triatomine) bugs. In its acute form, it is seen most frequently in young children, with swelling of the skin at the site of entry, most often the face, and regional lymph node enlargement; in its chronic form it can assume several aspects, commonly cardiomyopathy, but megacolon and megaesophagus also occur; natural reservoirs include dogs, armadillos, rodents, and other domestic, domiciliated, and wild animals.

Chemical injury to the esophagus usually a result of accidental poisoning or attempted suicide.

An inflammatory disease of the stomach of unknown etiology. It is more common than autoimmune gastritis.

Hypertrophic obstruction of the pyloric orifice of the stomach.

Variously referred to terminal ileitis, regional ileitis, granulomatous colitis and transmural colitis.

Inflammation of a diverticulum; a condition marked by the formation of small pouches along the border of the colon, which become filled with feces which sometimes set up irritation and give rise to inflammation and abscess.

The presence of diverticula, particularly intestinal diverticula.

Difficulty in swallowing.

A diverticulum which originates just above the cardioesophageal junction and usually protrudes to the right side of the lower meadiastinum.

Congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop.

A serious, late complication of esophagitis. The most common clinical complaint is progressive dysphagia.

Longitudinal venous varices at the lower end of the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension; they are superficial and liable to ulceration and massive bleeding

A cribiform web or web formation in the esophagus caused by an irregular atrophy.

Primary lymphoma to the stomach. It is the most common extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

A disease occurring in children and adults characterized by sensitivity to gluten, with chronic inflammation and atrophy of the mucosa of the upper small intestine; manifestations include diarrhea, malabsorption, steatorrhea, and nutritional and vitamin deficiencies.

Gram-negative rods with polar flagellae. H. pylori causes one of the most common chronic infections, namely infectious gastritis.

A varicose dilatation of a vein of the superior or inferior hemorrhoidal plexus.

Protrusion of any structure through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

Massive enlargement of the colon, resulting from obstruction caused by an aganglionic segment of bowel.

A benign small sessile polyp of the large bowel showing lengthening and cystic dilation of mucosal glands; also applied to non-neoplastic gastric mucosal polyps.

Primary infections of the esophagus are rare, but are caused by candidiasis and herpes simplex.

Chronic inflammatory disease of the antrum and body of the stomach caused by Helicobacter pylori.

A projecting mass of granulation tissue, large numbers of which may develop in ulcerative colitis; may become covered by regenerating epithelium.

The transformation of mucosa, particularly in the stomach, into glandular mucosa resembling that of the intestines, although usually lacking villi.

A receiving within: specifically,

1. The prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of an immediately adjoining part. There are four varieties: colic, involving segments of the large intestine; enteric, involving only the small intestine; ileocecal, in which the ileocecal valve prolapses into the cecum, drawing the ileum along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the colon.
2. In physiology, the reception into an organism of matter, such as food, and its transformation into new protoplasm.

Decreased blood flow to the intestines, typically caused by arterial occlusion, volvulus, intusseption and incarceration of the bowel.

Decreased blood flow to the large bowel, leading to segmental infarction. The most common cause is atherosclerosis.

A special type of carcinoma of the ovary, usually metastatic from cancer of the gastro-intestinal tract, especially of the stomach. It is characterized by areas of mucoid degeneration and the presence of signet-ring-like cells. Called also carcinoma mucocellulare and by Krukenberg, fibrosarcoma ovarii mucocellulare carcinomatodes.

Deficiency in the intestinal enzyme that splits lactose into glucose and galactose.

A benign neoplasm derived from smooth (nonstriated) muscle.

A malignant neoplasm derived from smooth (nonstriated) muscle.

A disease marked by the development upon the mucous membrane of the cheeks, gums, or tongue of white, thickened patches which sometimes show a tendency to fissure. It is common in smokers and sometimes becomes malignant. Called also leukokeratosis, leukoma, smoker's tongue, smokers' patches, psoriasis buccalis, and psoriasis of the tongue.

Diffuse hypertrophy of the submucous connective tissue of the stomach, rendering the walls of the stomach rigid, thick, and hard, like a leather bag. Called also Brinton's disease, hypertrophic gastritis, gastric sclerosis, cirrhosis of the stomach, fibromatosis ventriculi, cirrhotic gastritis and leather bottle stomach.

Disorder of normal nutritive absorption; disordered anabolism.

An occsaional sacculation or appendage of the ileum, derived from an unobliterated yolk stalk.

Intestinal obstruction in the newborn following inspissation of meconium due to lack of trypsin; associated with cystic fibrosis of pancreas.

Diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the proximal small bowel mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes resulting in diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and clubbing of fingers and toes; seen in poor people in developing countries.

1. Dilatation of a cavity with accumulated mucous secretion.
2. A mucous polyp.

An acute superficial necrosis of the mucosa of the small intestine and colon, characterized by profound shock and dehydration, and the passage per rectum of seromucus, often mixed with blood, and shreds or casts of the bowel wall.

Pain on swallowing.

An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice.

A megaloblastic anemia generally occurring in later adult life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in whcih the laboratory and clinical manifestations are predicted on the reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract due to a failure of gastric mucosal secretion of intrinsic factor.

Gastrointestinal polyposis associated with excessive melanin pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, commonly a familial condition.

Dysphagia with glossitis, hypochromic anemia, splenomegaly, and atrophy in the mouth, pharynx and upper side of the esophagus.

Enterocolitis with the formation and passage of pseudomembranous material in the stools; occurs most commonly as a sequel to antibiotic therapy.

Inflammation of the lower esophagus from regurgitation of acid gastric contents, usually due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter; symptoms include substernal pain, heartburn, and regurgitation of acid juice.

A contraction ring or incomplete diaphragm in the lower third of the esophagus which is occasionally symptomatic.

A cell in which the nucleus has been pressed to one side.

A malignant neoplasm derived from stratified squamous epithelium, but which may also occur in sites, such as bronchial mucosa, where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present; variable amounts of keratin are formed, in relation to the degree of differentiation, and, if the keratin is not on the surface, it accumulates in the neoplasm as a keratin pearl; in instances in which the cells are well differentiated, intercellular bridges may be observed between adjacent cells; a common example in lower animals is ocular squamous cell carcinoma of Hereford cattle.

Acute nonobstructive dilation of the colon.

An abnormal passage communicating with the esophagus and trachea.

A localized distortion, angulation, or funnel-shaped bulging of the full thickness of the wall of the esophagus, caused by adhesions resulting from some external lesion.

Chronic ulceration of the colon.

Rotavirus is a common cause of infantile diarrhea. Other agents include norwalk viruses, echovirus, coxavirus and cytomagalovirus.

Sentinel lymph node.

Intestinal obstruction due to a knotting and twisting of the bowel.

Primary lymphoma of the intestine (mainly ileum). It occurs typically in children younger than 10 and adults over 40.

A rare disease characterized by steatorrhea, frequently generalized lymphadenopathy, arthritis, fever, and cough; many "foamy" macrophages are found in the jejunal lamina propria; lymph nodes contain periodic acid-Schiff positive particles that appear bacilliform by electron microscopy.

A pulsion diverticulum of the esophagus.