Liver Flashcards

Congestion and or hemorrhagic necrosis, with variable infection, ulceration, and neutrophilic infiltration of the gallbladder wall; usually due to impaction of a stone in the cystic duct.

Inflammation of the pancreas, with pain and tenderness of the abdomen, tympanites, and vomiting.

Viral infection of hepatocytes that produces necrosis and inflammation.

A cirrhosis due to an inadequate diet in heavy drinkers.

An acute necrotizing lesion, characterized by hepatocyte necrosis, cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions, neutrophilic inflammatory response and perivascular fibrosis.

The spectrum of alcoholic liver disease includes fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin, a glycoprotein of the postalbumin region of human serum, which may be moderate (40-60% of normal activity) or severe (less than 10% of normal) and is gene-determined; the severe form is often associated with familial emphysema or hepatic cirrhosis; autosomal recessive inheritance.

Also called "lupus hepatitis." It occurs primarily in young and middle-aged women.

The presence of bile in the peritoneum resulting from rupture of the bile passages.

Atresia of the major bile ducts, causing cholestasis and jaundice which does not become apparent until several days after birth; periportal fibrosis develops and leads to cirrhosis, with proliferation of small bile ducts unless these are also atretic; giant cell transformation of hepatic cells also occurs.

The end product of heme-catabolism.

Thrombosis of the hepatic vein with great enlargement of the liver and extensive development of collateral vessels, intractable ascites, and severe portal hypertension.

Rare cancer of the gallbladder, usually an adenocarcinoma, thought to be related to the buildup of gallstones.

Histopathic finding in patients with alcoholic liver disease. The central terminal venule is obliterated by fibrous tissue.

Necrosis of hepatocytes in the oxygen-poor zone surrounding the central veins. It is a characteristic finding in patients with alcoholic hepatitis.

An adenocarcinoma, primarily in intrahepatic bile ducts, composed of ducts lined by cuboidal or columnar cells that do not contain bile, with abundant fibrous stroma; cirrhosis is usually absent.

The presence or formation of gallstones.

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Jaundice produced by inspissated bile or bile plugs in small biliary passages in the liver.

A concentration of cholesterol formed in the gallbladder or bile duct.

Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to lithiasis, with lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis that may produce thickening of the wall.

Any of several types of hepatitis persisting for more than six months, often progressing to cirrhosis.

A condition of fibrosis of the pancreas.

Progressive disease of the liver characterized by diffuse damage to hepatic parenchymal cells, with nodular regeneration, fibrosis, and disturbance of normal architecture; associated with failure in the function of hepatic cells and interference with blood flow in the liver, frequently resulting in jaundice, portal hypertension, ascites, and ultimately hepatic failure.

A severe variant of acute viral hepatitis characterized by death of a large number of hepatocytes.

An eosinophilic globule, seen in the liver in yellow fever, derived from necrosis of a single hepatic cell.

A rare defect in ability to form bilirubin glucuronide due to deficiency of bilirubin-glucuronside glucuronosyltransferase; characterized by familial non-hemolytic jaundice and, in its severe form, by irreversible brain damage that resembles kernicterus and may be fatal; autosomal recessive inheritance.

Chronic idiopathic jaundice characterized by clinical exacerbations and remissions, and by the presence of a brown, coarsely granular pigment in the hepatic cells, which is pathognomonic of the condition.

A liver affected with fatty degeneration and infiltration.

Caused by chronic passive congestion. The spleen is modestly enlarged and has a thickened fibrotic capsule.

Non-neoplastic, nodular liver mass.

1. A hereditary disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, poor weight gain, and malnutrition in early infancy.
2. The presence of galactose in the blood.

An islet cell tumor consisting of G-cells which secrete gastrin. Pancreatic gastrinoma is the cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Mild jaundice due to increased amounts of unconjugated bilirubin in the plasma without evidence of liver damage, biliary obstruction, or hemolysis; thought to be due to an inborn error of metabolism in which the excretion of bilirubin by the liver is defective, ascribed to decreased conjugation of bilirubin as a glucuronide.

A chronic metabolic abnormality of childhood characterized by enormous enlargement of the liver (due to storage of glycogen), hypoglycemia, and failure of epinephrin to mobilize glycogen (due to enzyme shortage in the liver). Called also glycogen disease,von Gierke's disease, glycogenic hepatomegaly, glycogen accumulation, and glycogenic thesaurismosis.

A benign tumor made up of new-formed blood vessels.

An encephalopathy associated with cirrhosis of the liver, attributed to the passage of toxic nitrogenous substances from the portal to the systemic circulation; cerebral manifestations may include coma.

Inability of the liver to perform.

A virus disease with a short incubation period (usually 15 to 50 days), caused by hepatitis A virus often transmitted by fecal-oral route; may be inapparent, mild, severe, or occasionally fatal and occurs sporadically or in epidemics, commonly in school-age children and young adults; necrosis of periportal liver cells with lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration is characteristic and jaundice is a common symptom.

A virus disease with a long incubation period (usually 50 to 160 days), caused by hepatitis B virus usually transmitted by injection of infected blood or blood derivatives or by use of contaminated needles, lancets, or other instruments; clinically and pathologically similar to viral hepatitis type A, but there is no cross-protective immunity.

Formerly referred to as non-A, non-B hepatitis. Hepatitis C accounts for 90% of cases of hepatitis that develop after blood transfusion.

Inflammation of the liver.

A carcinoma derived from parenchymal cells of the liver.

Renal changes and symptoms produced by traumatism of the liver: abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting, fever, rapid pulse, albuminuria, delirium, and coma, occurring as a syndrome in inflammation of the liver and gallbladder.

A specific inherited metabolic defect with increased absorption and accumulation of iron on a normal diet; autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance in females; juvenile hemochromatosis may represent a homozygous state of the same gene.

An excess of bilirubin in the blood.

A tumor consisting of tissue from the islands of Langerhans.

Plugs of bile in dilated bile canaliculi and visible bile pigment in hepatocytes. It is one of the most frequent manifestations of drug-induced liver injury.

A syndrome characterized by hyperbilirubinemia and deposition of bile pigment in the skin and mucous membranes with resulting yellow appearance in the patient.

A morphologic type of fatty liver, in which large fat droplets distend the cells and displace the nuclei.

Bodies resembling protozoa, seen in lymph spaces and epithelial cells of the skin in scarlet fever.

Small droplets of fat in liver cells with a centrally-located nucleus. Commonly associated with Reye syndrome and other cases of severe liver disease.

Presence of functioning tumors in more than one endocrine gland, commonly the pancreatic islets and parathyroid glands, which may be associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; dominant inheritance.

Hepatitis of unknown cause, characterized by onset of obstructive jaundice in the neonatal period, hepatocellular degeneration, and appearance of multinucleated giant cells; may be difficult to distinguish from biliary atresia, but is more likely to end with recovery, although cirrhosis may develop.

Another name for primary biliary cirrhosis; it is characterized by destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts.

One presenting a mottled appearance when cut.

Ductal adenocarcinoma is a virtually incurable malignancy.

Large multiloculated, cystic benign tumors usually localized in the body or tail of the pancreas.

An accumulation of pancreatic juice in the retroperitoneal space, as a result of necrosis and rupture of a pancreatic duct.

The pathogenesis of black pigment stones is related to an increased concentration of unconjugated bilirubin in the bile.

Abnormally increased blood pressure in the portal venous system, a frequent complication of cirrhosis of the liver.

A rare condition occurring mainly in middle-aged women, characterized by obstructive jaundice with hyperlipemia, pruritis, and hyperpigmentation of the skin; no obstruction of large bile ducts or proliferation of small bile ducts is found; the liver shows cirrhosis with marked portal infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells, and frequently by epithelioid cell granulomas; serum antimitochondrial antibodies are present in 85 to 90% of patients.

Recurrent or persistent obstructive jaundice, frequently with ulcerative colitis, due to extensive obliterative fibrosis of the extrahepatic of intrahepatic bile ducts; generally progesses to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and liver failure; seen most commonly in young men.

A disorder of young children following an acute febrile illness, usually influenza or varicella infection, characterized by recurrent vomiting beginning within a week after onset of the infection and from which the child either recovers within a day or two or lapses into a coma with intracranial hypertension; serum transaminases are elevated; death may result from edema of the brain and resulting cerebral herniation.

Infection with a species of Schistosomia; manifestations of this often chronic and debilatory disease vary with the infecting species but depend in large measure upon tissue reaction (granulation and fibrosis) to the eggs deposited in venules and in the hepatic portals, the latter resulting in portal hypertension and esophageal varices, as well as liver damage leading to cirrhosis.

The end-stage of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

A somatostatin-secreting tumor of the pancreatic islets.

The excessive loss of fats in the feces.

Acute chemically-induced hepatic injury.

An endocrine tumor, usually originating in the pancreas, which produces a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide believed to cause profound cardiovascular and electrolyte changes with vasodilatory hypotension, watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and dehydration.

1. Dermatitis exfoliativa.
2. Progressive lenticular degeneration.

Causes too much copper to accumulate in the organs.

A condition characterized by the presence of small, flat plaques of a yellow color in the skin, due to deposits of lipids. Microscopically the lesions show light cells with foamy protoplasm (foam cells, or xanthoma cells).

A triad comprising:

1. intractable, sometimes fulminating, and in many ways atypical peptic ulcers;
2. extreme gastric hyperacidity, and
3. non-beta cell, non-insulin-secreting islet cell tumors, which might be single or multiple, small or large, innocent or malignant.

Necrosis predominantly affecting or limited to an anatomical zone, especially parts of the hepatic lobules defined according to proximity to either the portal tracts or central (hepatic) veins.